I-Bond Ladder: Izinzuzo, izibonelo nokuningi

Umehluko phakathi komtshali-zimali oguqula inzuzo kanye nomtshali-zimali ongenayo uyisu elihle. Ngezinye izikhathi ungase ube nenhlanhla, kodwa akufanele uthembele enhlanhleni lapho utshala imali. Kufanele ulinganise ngokucophelela ukuhlukahluka kwephothifoliyo kanye nokulawulwa kobungozi ukuze ulenze emhlabeni wokutshala imali.

Amasu amaningana angakusiza ukuthi uzuze izinzuzo ezinhle ekutshaleni kwakho, futhi kulesi sihloko, ngizoxoxa ngesitebhisi sebhondi.

Uhlolojikelele

Ukwengezwa kwebhondi kuyisu lemali engenayo engashintshi elibandakanya abatshalizimali abasabalalisa izimpahla zabo kumabhondi amaningi ngokuvuthwa okuhlukahlukene.

Isitebhisi sebhondi iqhinga abatshalizimali abalisebenzisayo ukuze balawule ukugeleza kwemali kuyilapho benciphisa ubungozi obuxhunywe kumathuluzi emali engenayo engashintshi. 

Abatshalizimali bangase bazuze engozini encishisiwe yokutshalwa kwezimali kanye nokuvumelana nezimo lapho besebenzisa izitebhisi zamabhondi, kodwa basengaba sengozini yekhredithi, ingcuphe yezinga lenzalo, nobungozi obuzenzakalelayo. 

Lapho wakha ileli yebhondi kufanele ucabangele ukuphakama kwesitebhisi, inombolo yezitebhisi, isikhala phakathi kwesinyathelo ngasinye, kanye nendlela yokuhlukanisa ibhondi yakho. 

Ukuba nemali eyanele yesitebhisi sakho, ukugwema amabhondi athengekayo, ukugwema ukuhlengwa kusenesikhathi, kanye nokufuna amabhondi ekhwalithi ephezulu konke kubalulekile.

Yini iladi yebhondi?

Isitebhisi sebhondi sisekelwe embonweni oqondile uma kuqhathaniswa nochwepheshe abaningi nabatshalizimali abangawuqondi futhi abavame ukuwushalazela. Kuyindlela yokutshala imali yokuvuthwa okuningi ehlukanisa ukubanjwa kwebhondi kuphothifoliyo.

Iqoqo lama-CD ahlukene noma amabhondi anokukhula okuhlukahlukene kubizwa ngokuthi ileli yebhondi. Umgomo wale nqubo ukunciphisa ukuchayeka ezinguqukweni zesilinganiso senzalo kuyilapho ukhiqiza imali engenayo yamanje. Uthola ama-CD noma amabhondi avuthwa ngezikhathi ezihlukene esikhathini esizayo kunamabhondi okufanele avuthwe ngawo lowo nyaka.

Izinzuzo zesitebhisi sebhondi

Isitebhisi sebhondi yisu elihle lokutshala imali uma lisetshenziswa kahle. Ake sihlole ezinye zezinzuzo zokusebenzisa iladi lebhondi:

1. Kuyasiza ekuphatheni imali

Isitebhisi sebhondi siqinisekisa ukugeleza okungaguquguquki kwezimali unyaka wonke kanye neminyaka embalwa. Abatshalizimali bangase bahlelele imali engenayo yebhondi yanyanga zonke esekelwe ezinkokhelweni zamakhuphoni ezinokukhula okuhlukahlukene.  

2. Yehlisa ubungozi bokutshala imali

Ukungakwazi ukuzivikela ezimakethe zamabhondi e-bullish kanye ne-bearish kuwumphumela omkhulu wokuvala ibhondi yesikhathi eside. Ubungeke ukwazi ukwenza inzuzo ngezinga lenzalo elikhuphukayo noma elehlayo uma ufaka lonke utshalomali lwakho kwibhondi eyodwa enesivuno esingu-2% eminyakeni emi-5.

Isibonelo, noma ngabe ubufuna ukuthenga enye ibhondi, imali yakho enkulu izobanjwa ngenani lenzalo eliphansi uma inzalo yehla iminyaka emihlanu—ekuvuthweni—ngemuva kokuthenga ibhondi.

Uma usebenzisa isu lesitebhisi sebhondi, ngeke ubambeke nebhondi eyodwa isikhathi eside njengoba izinsuku zokuvuthwa zihlukaniswa ngokwehlukana.  

Ngenxa yokuthi amabhondi athile avuthwa minyaka yonke, ngekota, noma nyanga zonke, kuye ngenani lama-rung esitebhisini, iladi lisiza ukunciphisa umthelela wokushintsha kwezinga lenzalo. Umtshali-zimali angase akhethe ukutshala kabusha uthishanhloko kubhondi entsha, yesikhathi eside ezansi nesitebhisi uma ibhondi isiphelelwe yisikhathi.

Bazozuza ngezinga lenzalo elisha, eliphezulu futhi bagcine ileli uma amanani enzalo enyukile. Amabhondi angaphansi kwesitebhisi cishe azobe esekhiyekile embuyekezweni ephakeme kakade, kodwa ngokudabukisayo, amabhondi aguga cishe angase atshalwe kabusha ngamanani aphansi uma amanani enzalo ehla.

I-3. Ukuvumelana nezimo 

Ukuvumelana nezimo zokushintsha ukuhamba kwemali ngokuhambisana nezimo zezimali zabatshalizimali kungenye inzuzo yokusebenzisa isitebhisi sebhondi.

Ungase ukhethe amabhondi anezitebhisi anezinsuku zekhuphoni ezihlukene ukuze unikeze imali engenayo yanyanga zonke kuye ngezinkokhelo zekhuphoni. Kubantu asebethathe umhlalaphansi, abathembele ekungeneni kwemali okuvela ezimpahleni njengomthombo wemali engenayo, lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu.

Amabhondi avuthwa kancane azokunikeza ukufinyelela kuzimali eziwuketshezi ngokunengqondo ngisho noma ungancikile emalini engenayo. Uzoba nomzila othembekile wemali ozoyisebenzisa njengoba kudingekile uma kwenzeka kuba nezindleko ezingalindelekile noma ukulahlekelwa umsebenzi.

Izingozi ezihilelekile

Nazi ezinye izingozi okufanele uzazi ngazo;

1. Ingozi yezinga lenzalo

Amazinga enzalo namanani ebhondi ahlotshaniswa ngokuphambene; okungukuthi, amanani ebhondi ayehla njengoba amanani enzalo enyuka. Ngakho-ke, uzophoqeleka ukuthi uqhubeke nokuthola inzalo ephansi engu-3% kuze kube yilapho ibhondi iphelelwa yisikhathi uma izinga lenzalo kumabhondi weminyaka engu-10 likhuphuka lisuka ku-3% liya ku-5% ngesikhathi ubambe ibhondi.

Ukuthengisela omunye umtshali-zimali le bhondi emakethe yesibili kungaba inketho, kodwa abanye abatshalizimali ngeke balungele ukuthenga ibhondi enenani lenzalo elingu-3% lapho bekwazi ukuthenga ibhondi entsha enenani eliphakeme elingu-5%. Ngenxa yalokho, ngaphandle uma ulinda kuze kube yilapho ibhondi ivuthwa, cishe kuzodingeka ukuthi uyithengise ngesaphulelo, okwenza kungenzeki ukuthi ubuyiselwe imali oyitshalile.

2. Ingozi yekhredithi

Ukuthenga amabhondi kuhlala kunengozi ethile. Ingcuphe yekhredithi ingenye yezinto ezicatshangelwayo ezibaluleke kakhulu zobungozi kubatshalizimali bebhondi. Izinhlangano ezikhipha amabhondi kudingeka ukuthi zithumele ekuhlolweni kwe-ejensi yokulinganisa isikweletu.

Ngemva kokuhlola ngokucophelela isimo sezimali sesikhungo ngasinye, lezi zinhlangano zinikeza ibanga elibonisa amathuba okuthi isikhungo sizokwazi ukukhokha izikweletu zaso kubanikazi bamabhondi.

I-AAA, noma i-“triple-A,” isilinganiso esiphezulu esinikezwa yilezi zinhlangano. Izilinganiso zingahle zehle zize zehle ziye ku-D, okubonisa ingozi enkulu yesikhungo sokungaphumeleli ezibophweni zaso zomnikazi webhondi. Izilinganiso zebhondi ziwela ezigabeni ezimbili, izinga lokutshalwa kwezimali, kanye nebanga lokungatshali-zimali, eliphakathi kwalokhu okubili okweqisayo.

Nakuba amabhondi ebanga lokungatshali-zimali eyingozi, amabhondi ebanga lokutshalwa kwezimali ngokuvamile aba nokuma okuhle kwezezimali futhi anengozi ephansi yokuzenzakalelayo. Amabhondi ebanga lokungatshalizimali ngokuvamile ahlinzeka ngamanani enzalo aphezulu ukuze kuncishiswe ubungozi obukhulayo kubatshalizimali ngenxa yobungozi obukhulu obuhilelekile.

3. Ingozi ezenzakalelayo

Uma utshala imali, kuhlale kunethuba lokuthi okhipha i-bind angase akhokhe ngokuzenzakalelayo. Lokhu kulimaza kakhulu uma usebenzisa iladi lebhondi ngoba lingaphazamisa iladi lakho. 

Indlela yokwenza iladi yebhondi

Ukwakha iladi lebhondi kulula kakhulu. Odinga ukukwenza nje isithombe iladi langempela engqondweni yakho. Kudingeka ucabange ngobude beladi, zingaki izitebhisi ezingaba nazo, kanye nesikhala phakathi kwesinyathelo ngasinye. Ake sibheke ngayinye yalezo ngokuningiliziwe:

1. Ubude beladi

Lesi isikhathi esizothatha ukuthi wonke amabhondi akho afinyelele ekuvuthweni. Lokhu kunqunywa inani lezinyathelo onazo esitebhisini kanye nesikhala phakathi kwazo. Imvamisa, ubungeke ukucabangele lokhu kakhulu ekuqaleni njengoba ufuna ukuqhubeka nokunweba ubude beladi.

Ubude bokuqala mhlawumbe iminyaka emihlanu noma eyishumi, noma iminyaka eminingi njengoba ungase ufune, kodwa ubude bungashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi njengoba uqhubeka wengeza amabhondi amaningi noma uwasusa ngendlela othanda ngayo. 

2. Inani lezinyathelo

Isibalo samabhondi ale phothifoliyo, noma inombolo yezinyathelo esitebhisini sakho, singabalwa ngokuthatha yonke imali ofuna ukuyitshala bese uyihlukanisa ngokulinganayo ngenani eliphelele leminyaka ofuna iladi.

Iphothifoliyo yakho izohluka kakhulu futhi uzovikeleka kakhudlwana kunoma iyiphi inkampani eyodwa ehlulekayo ekukhokheni ibhondi uma kunezinyathelo ezengeziwe.

3. Ibanga phakathi kwesinyathelo ngasinye

Isikhathi esiphakathi kokuvuthwa okuhlukahlukene kwamabhondi—okungase kuhluke kusukela ezinyangeni kuya eminyakeni, sinquma ukuhlukana phakathi kwezinyathelo. Isikhala ngokujwayelekile kufanele silingane.

Nakuba ukuvuthwa kwebhondi emfushane kuvame ukwehlisa imali engenayo kanye nengozi yezinga lenzalo, amabhondi esikhathi eside ngokuvamile anikeza isivuno esikhulu.

I-4. Izinto zokwakha 

Ngendlela efanayo, izitebhisi zingenziwa ngezinto ezihlukahlukene njengokhuni, insimbi, ipulasitiki nezinye izinto. Izitebhisi zamabhondi zingakhiwa ngezinto ezihlukahlukene, njengezitebhisi zangempela.

Kodwa-ke, nakuba kungenzeka ukusebenzisa uhlobo olulodwa lwempahla lapho wakha iladi, ufuna iledi lakho lebhondi lenziwe ngezinto ezihlukahlukene. Endabeni yezitebhisi zamabhondi, izinto ezisetshenziswayo ziwuhlobo lwebhondi nesitoko esakha ileli.

Ukuthenga isitoko emabhizinisini ambalwa kuyindlela elula yokunciphisa ukuchayeka ezingozini. Ufuna ukuhlukanisa iphothifoliyo yakho ngangokunokwenzeka ukuze unciphise ubungozi. 

Isibonelo sesitebhisi sebhondi

Kungase kube nzima ukubona ngeso lengqondo ukuthi isitebhisi sebhondi sisebenza kanjani ngencazelo nje, ngakho-ke ake nginikeze isibonelo ukuze ngicacise izinto. 

Ake sithi une-N5,000,000 yokutshala, esikhundleni sokutshala imali kumabhondi owodwa noma amaningi azovuthwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, uhlukanise imali ngokulinganayo bese uyitshala kumabhondi amahlanu ahlukene avuthwa minyaka yonke iminyaka emihlanu. Ake siqambe labo i-Bond AE. 

Kusukela ngeBond A, ibhondi yonyaka owodwa enesilinganiso sesivuno esingu-1%, uthenge amabhondi amahlanu avuthwa ngokuhlukana konyaka owodwa. I-Bond E, ibhondi yeminyaka emihlanu, inenani lekhuphoni elingu-3.5% njengoba, ngokuvamile, amanani ekhuphoni makhulu kumabhondi anezinsuku zokuvuthwa ezinde. Isibopho ngasinye singasho isinyathelo esitebhisini, isiqu esiphansi sizosho isibopho esinobude obufushane kakhulu, kuyilapho isinyathelo esiphezulu sizosho isibopho esinokukhula okude kakhulu. Esibonelweni sethu, isinyathelo soku-1 sizoba yisibopho A esizovuthwa onyakeni owodwa, isinyathelo sesi-2 sizoba yisibopho B esizovuthwa eminyakeni emi-2, njalo njalo. 

Onyakeni owodwa, i-Bond A ibiyobe isivuthiwe futhi ubuzothola u-N1,000,000 wakho onguthishanhloko. Ungakhetha ukwenza isitebhisi kabusha futhi usebenzise izimali ezivela ku-Bond A ukuze uthenge i-Bond F, eseneminyaka emihlanu ukuvuthwa, njengoba izinga lenzalo kumabhondi weminyaka emihlanu likhuphuke lafinyelela ku-4%. Njalo ngonyaka njengoba ibhondi elandelayo iphelelwa yisikhathi, unenketho yokulondoloza imali noma ukuphinde uyitshale kubhondi entsha yeminyaka emihlanu. Ngale ndlela, ungakwazi ukunweba iladi lakho unomphela. 

Isimo esishiwo ngenhla sibuza umbuzo, "Kungani ungavele ubeke yonke i-N5,000,000 kwibhondi yeminyaka emihlanu ukuze uthole inzalo eyengeziwe onyakeni wokuqala uma ungathola i-3.5% yebhondi yeminyaka emihlanu kanye ne-1% kuphela yebhondi yonyaka owodwa?" Lokhu kuhlobene nengcuphe yesilinganiso senzalo kanye ne-liquidity. Ngaphandle uma uthengisa ibhondi emakethe yesibili, uzovalelwa iminyaka emihlanu uma ufaka yonke i-N5,000,000 yakho kwibhondi yeminyaka emihlanu. Ukuthengisa ibhondi kungase kuphumele ekulahlekelweni otshalile, kuye ngoshintsho kumazinga enzalo. Kulokhu, ukwazile ukuzuza esilinganisweni senzalo esiphezulu esingu-4% phakathi neminyaka emihlanu lapho uthenga i-Bond F ngokwenyusa amabhondi.

Ngokuphambene, ake sithi izinga lenzalo yebhondi yeminyaka emihlanu yehlele ku-1%. Kulesi simo, ungase ukhethe ukutshala kwenye into enganikeza imbuyiselo enkulu noma ugcine ukheshi lapho i-Bond A ivuthwa.

Amathiphu Wokuphumelela

I-Bond laddering iyindlela enamandla yokubuyisela inzuzo enkulu ekutshalweni kwakho. Nokho, izosebenza kuphela uma isetshenziswe kahle. 

1. Yiba nemali eyanele

Kuye kwaphakanyiswa ukuthi uma abatshalizimali bengenazo izimali zokuhlukanisa ngokuphelele iphothifoliyo yabo ngokuthenga kokubili amasheya namabhondi, akufanele bazame iladi lebhondi. Imvamisa, ukuqala iladi elinezitebhisi okungenani ezinhlanu kudinga imali eningi ekuxhaseni ngemali.

Kufanele ube nemali eyanele yokuhlukanisa izimpahla zakho njengoba amabhondi akhiqiza kangcono evamise ukuba namahlelo amakhulu.

2. Hlukanisa izinto oziphethe

Ukuze unciphise ukuchayeka ezingozini, ukhuphule ukufinyeleleka kwesikhwama sezimo eziphuthumayo, futhi usebenzise izimo zemakethe ezishintshashintsha njalo, qiniseka ukuthi wonke amaqanda akho awekho kubhasikidi owodwa. Hlukanisa izinto oziphethe ukuze ungafaki amabhondi ezinkampani ezahlukene kuphela, kodwa nasezimbonini ezahlukene. 

3. Gwema izibopho ezingabizi

Amathuluzi okutshalwa kwezimali aziwa ngokuthi amabhondi abizayo yilawo okhiphayo angase awasebenzise ngaphambi kokuba akhule, lapho izinkokhelo zenzalo zizoyeka khona.

Amabhondi akhokhelwayo angase amiswe izinkokhelo zenzalo ngaphambi kokuthi avuthwe, ngakho-ke amaledi ebhondi awasebenzi kahle kuwo.

4. Yiba nesineke 

Noma uswele, yiba nesineke. Isilingo sokwenza imali ngamabhondi akho ngaphambi kokuba avuthwe kufanele sigwenywe. Lolu hlobo lwesu alunamsebenzi ikakhulukazi uma uhlela ukuhlenga amabhondi akho kusenesikhathi. Ukwengeza, lokhu kwandisa isikhala phakathi kwama-rung.

Uma ukhipha noma iyiphi impahla ohlelweni lwesitebhisi sebhondi yakho maduze nje, ungase futhi uzibeka esimweni lapho uzifaka engcupheni eyengeziwe, okuhlanganisa nethuba lokulahlekelwa noma ukwehla kwembuyiselo.

5. Tshala ezimpahleni eziphezulu

Sesha amafa aphezulu ongayengeza kuledi yakho yebhondi. Kufanele uhlale ubhekile amabhondi anebanga elingu-A noma isilinganiso esingcono. Kubatshalizimali besikhathi eside, abambalwa babo banikeza amathuba amahle kakhulu okuthola imali, ikakhulukazi uma basebenzisa amaqhinga esitayela sesitebhisi sebhondi.

6. Gwema izibopho eziyingozi kakhulu

Ngokuvamile, amabhondi ebanga lokutshalwa kwezimali angamabhlokhi okwakha anconolekayo esiteji sebhondi. Uma usebenzisa amabhondi anobungozi obukhulu futhi eyodwa yawo yehluleka, isu lakho lemali engenayo engaguquki lizophazamiseka futhi uzolahlekelwa isitebhisi sakho.

Isiphetho 

Izitebhisi zamabhondi ziyindlela enhle yokwandisa imali oyitholayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi uma isetshenziswa. Uma isetshenziswe kabi, ungagcina usunephothifoliyo engcolile. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukuthi uqonde ngokuphelele ukuthi zisebenza kanjani ngaphambi kokuba uqale ukuzisebenzisa.